Pt–WO3 supported on carbon nanotubes as possible anodes for direct methanol fuel cells

Abstract

The carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesised by the template carbonisation of polypyrrole on alumina membrane has been used as the support for Pt–WO3, Pt–Ru, and Pt. These materials have been used as the electrodes for methanol oxidation in acid medium in comparison with E-TEK 20 wt% Pt and Pt–Ru on Vulcan XC72R carbon. The higher electrochemical surface of the carbon nanotube (as evaluated by cyclic voltammetry) has been effectively used to disperse the catalytic particles. The morphology of the supported and unsupported CNT has been characterised by scanning electron micrograph and high-resolution transmission electron micrograph. The particle size of Pt, Pt–Ru, and Pt–WO3 loaded CNT was found to be 1.2, 2, and 5 nm, respectively. The X-ray photoelectron spectra indicated that Pt and Ru are in the metallic state andWis in the þVI oxidation state. The electrochemical activity of the methanol oxidation electrode has been evaluated using cyclic voltammetry. The activity and stability (evaluated from chronoamperometric response) of the electrodes for methanol oxidation follows the order: GC/CNT–Pt–WO3–Nafion . GC/E-TEK 20% Pt–Ru/Vulcan Carbon–Nafion . GC/CNT–Pt–Nafion . GC/E-TEK 20% Pt/Vulcan carbon–Nafion . Bulk Pt. The amount of nitrogen in the CNT plays an important role as observed by the increase in activity and stability of methanol oxidation with N2 content, probably due to the hydrophilic nature of the CNT.