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[S__C_Bhatia]_Advanced_renewable_energy_sources._P(BookZZ.org).pdf
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Published by Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd.Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd., 303, Vardaan House, 7/28, Ansari Road,Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002, Indiawww.woodheadpublishingindia.comWoodhead Publishing Limited, 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge,CB22 3HJ UK Woodhead Publishing USA 1518 Walnut Street, Suite1100, Philadelphiawww.woodheadpublishing.comFirst published 2014, Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd.© Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd., 2014This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regardedsources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone else associated with this publication,shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
microlming and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd.The consent of Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. does not extend tocopying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for 
resale. Specic permission must be obtained in writing from Woodhead
Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. for such copying.Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identication and explanation, without intent
to infringe.Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. ISBN: 978-93-80308-43-2Woodhead Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-78242-269-3Woodhead Publishing Ltd. e-ISBN: 978-1-78242-273-0Typeset by Mind Box Solutions, New DelhiPrinted and bound by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd.
 
Contents
 Preface xv
Part – I
1. Energy resources and their utilisation 1
 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 India’s energy resources 1 1.3 Renewable energy sources 3 1.4 Renewable energy capacity in India 4 1.5 Renewables and the environment 5 1.6 Renewable potential vs installed capacity in India 6 1.7 Total generation installed capacity in India 7 1.8 World energy resources and consumption 7 1.9 Consumption of energy 9 1.10 Renewable resources 12 1.11 Energy planning 15 1.12 Energy intensity 16 1.13 Energy development 17 1.14 Fossil fuels 17 1.15 Renewable sources 21 1.16 Environmental impacts of hydrogen-based energy systems 30
2. Solar radiations 32
 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Interaction of the sun’s radiation with the earth’s 33 atmosphere 2.3 Terminology of radiation parameters 34 2.4 Apparent motions of the sun 42 2.5 Day length 42 2.6 Solar energy reaching the earth’s surface 44
 
 2.6 Rough estimates of the solar energy available at the 51 earth’s surface 2.7 Earth–Sun geometry 52 2.8 Sun–Earth geometry 54 2.9 Radiation on inclined surfaces, mountain slopes 66
3. Solar devices 68
 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Solar panels 68 3.3 Silicon wafers 69 3.4 Solar cells 70 3.5 Solar lanterns 71 3.6 Solar lights 73 3.7 Solar lighting systems 74 3.8 Solar street lights 76 3.9 Solar ingots 77 3.10 Solar attic fans 78 3.11 Solar water pumps 79 3.12 Solar water heater 81 3.13 Solar refrigerators 83 3.14 Solar televisions (TV) 84 3.15 Solar coolers 85 3.16 Solar air conditioners (AC) 87 3.17 Solar cooking systems 88 3.18 Solar steam generators 89
 3.19 Solar at-plate collectors 91
 3.20 Solar power plants 92
4. Solar thermal energy 94
 4.1 Introduction 94 4.2 Low-temperature collectors 94 4.3 Medium-temperature collectors 96 4.4 High-temperature collectors 98 4.5 Conversion rates from solar energy to electrical energy 109 4.6 Solar pond 111 4.7 Solar water heating 113 4.8 Heating of swimming pools 124
vi
 Advanced renewable energy systems
 
 4.9 Economics, energy, environment and system costs 125 4.10 Do-It-Yourself (DIY) systems 130 4.11 Solar tracker 132 4.12 Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector 141 4.13 Solar furnace 142
5. Solar photovoltaic systems 144
 5.1 Introduction 144 5.2 Fabrication of photovoltaic cells 145 5.3 Photovoltaic module performance ratings 150 5.4 Reliability of photovoltaic systems 151
 5.5 Classication of photovoltaic systems 152
 5.6 Non-silicon-based photovoltaic systems 154 5.7 Asphalt roads as solar power producers 157
6. Energy consuming and converting equipments 158
 6.1 Introduction 158 6.2 Boilers 158 6.3 Turbines 160 6.4 Diesel generating sets (DG sets) 166 6.5 Motors 168 6.6 Pumps 169 6.7 Belt drives 173
7. Nanotechnology and solar power 174
 7.1 Introduction 174 7.2 Conserve energy with nanotechnology solar panel 175 7.3 Nanotechnology for energy extraction 177 7.4 Drivers and barriers to innovation 178 7.5 Solar photovoltaics 179
8. Wind energy 184
 8.1 Introduction 184 8.2 Wind power 186 8.3 Wind energy 187 8.4 Energy from the wind 191 8.5 Wind resource 191 8.6 Principles of wind energy conversion 192
 Contents
vii
 
 8.7 Types and characteristics of windmill rotors 193 8.8 Windmill performance 195 8.9 Wind speed 196 8.10 Wind turbine 196 8.11 Wind electricity basics 206 8.12 Wind-electric system types 209 8.13 Wind farm 215 8.14 Environmental impact of wind power 220
9. Status of wind energy in India 223
 9.1 Introduction 223 9.2 Wind power scenarios 224 9.3 GWEO scenario results 225 9.4 Estimated wind power resource 229 9.5 Offshore wind power development 230 9.6 Wind turbine installations 232 9.7 Repowering potential 233 9.8 Technology development trends 233 9.9 Investment in wind power sector 234 9.10 Small wind and hybrid systems 236 9.11 Barriers to higher growth 237
10. Hydroelectric power 240
 10.1 Introduction 240 10.2 Hydropower 241 10.3 Power output from a dam 243
 10.4 Measurement of volume ow rate using a weir 243
 10.5 Water turbines 243 10.6 Impact, economics and prospects of hydropower 248 10.7 How hydropower works 250 10.8 Modern concepts and future role 255
 10.9 Benets of hydropower 259
 10.10 Characteristics of hydropower 260
 10.11 Electrical system benets 261
 10.12 Environmental issues and management for hydropower 262  peaking operations
viii
 Advanced renewable energy systems
 
11. Small hydroelectric plants 270
 11.1 Introduction 270
 11.2 Stream ow 270 11.3 Measuring ow 271
 11.4 Dams 272 11.5 Diversions 274 11.6 Measuring head 275 11.7 Calculating power 275 11.8 Components 277 11.9 Causes of failure 279
12. Hydropower development in India 280
 12.1 Introduction 280 12.2 Reforms in the electricity sector in India 281 12.3 Government of India (GOI) policy on hydropower 282 development 12.4 Hydropower class 283 12.5 Small hydropower development 284 12.6 Equipment manufacturing status 285 12.7 Performance testing of SHP stations 285
 12.8 Benets of hydropower and reasons for its slow 286
 development 12.9 National policy on hydropower in India 287 12.10 Development since national hydropower policy 2004 289 12.11 Current issues/problems with hydropower in India 290
 12.12 State-specic hydropower issues 293
 12.13 Establishment of R&D hydraulic turbine laboratory 297 12.14 Standards for small hydropower 298 12.15 Real time simulator 298 12.16 Performance of Tawa hydroelectric power plant 298 12.17 Small hydro development in India 299 12.18 Case study: Power plant in private sector in 301 Madhya Pradesh 12.19 Way ahead 305
 Contents
ix
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